sHaLLoW fOuNdAtiOn

Shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth very near the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, and slab-on-grade foundations


Spread footing foundation

• Spread footing foundations consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which transfer the loads from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.
• Embedment of spread footings is controlled by several factors, including development of lateral capacity, penetration of soft near-surface layers, and penetration through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to frost heave or shrink-swell.
  

Mat-slab foundations

• used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire building area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings.
• can be constructed near the ground surface, or at the bottom of basements. In high-rise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be several meters thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure relatively uniform load transfer.

Slab-on-grade foundation

• The concrete slab that is to serve as the foundation for the structure is formed from a mold set into the ground.
• The concrete is then poured into the mold, leaving no space between the ground and the structure.
  
  

  

edited by : http://www.baldubiru.blogspot.com
reference: www.yahoo.com

DeeP fOuNdAtioN

Deep foundations are distinguished from shallow foundation by the depth they are embedded into the ground.

• There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines).



• There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, and piers.



• Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and pre-tensioned concrete.

edited by :http://www.baldubiru.blogspot.com

reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction

bUiLdiNg cOnStRuCtiOn

• Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project.
• However, all building construction projects include some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigatios reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
• Building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery methodologies, including hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging.